No longer a young man

II.

You rise in the dark in your rent house and turn off the air conditioner because you cannot abide the tyranny of noise in the morning. Greek yoghurt for breakfast to help you digestion, Ice in the water jug, a pickle in the lunch bucket, a naproxen for the chronic pain, and out to the truck to get to the field.

Later, sometime between false and real dawn, you lean against the bed of your work truck, enjoying the cool of the metal, looking up at Orion in the sky. An audiobook talks quietly from the phone in your pocket while you put together your telemetry equipment. As Orion fades away, you can begin to see the prairie surrounding you. Picking up a signal on the receiver, you start walking across the range. The signal is weak, so you hike up the canyon, homing in on the animal on which you put a radio collar months ago. As you walk, you see the plants, unconsciously naming them as you go. Helianthus, Ziziphus, curtipendula, Prosopis. Sunflower, lotebush, sideoats, mesquite. Where they are and how they are arranged tell you a story about the history of the place. You often think about how little you have changed while not realizing how many more names you have for your world, how much more the landscape tells you than it did before.  You reach where the canyon rises up to become the caprock, and the light on your equipment tells you the GPS data on your study animal has downloaded to your tablet. Another set of data points from which you’ll tell the world how prairie wildlife uses the landscape.

Since you are so close, you pick a deer trail and climb the escarpment, leaving the rolling plains for the llano estacado. By the time you reach the top, your sweat is salt and the wind hot and coarse across it. Catching your breath at the top, you look out across the dryland cotton that comes to the edge of the caprock. There’s Amaranthus along the edge and towards the field’s center. Amaranths. Pigweed. Carless weed. Wildlife food in a sea of fiber and ecological desert. Native and noxious. You wonder how many miles you walked chopping cotton back then compared to how many miles you hike doing wildlife biology now?

Some of those memories are blurry and faded, but you remember the sweat and the waiting and the want. How many rows walked, how miles of ditches dug, how many long nights working a job you hated to get from then to now? You’re unsure, but the math says it took you fifteen years longer to get to college than your classmates. You turn your back and mind to the cotton and past to use the high ground to scan through the other frequencies of your radio collars.

Eventually the first part of the day is over, and you load up in your work truck to head back to the office to analyze your data. The hours spent driving between study sites doesn’t bother you. You live in your head a lot of time, so for hours at a time you compose stories in your head, think about all the jobs you’ve had and the ones you still want, what life was like before college left you stranded in the gulf between your first social circle and what is supposed to be your current one. More and more you think about a tiny shack someplace quiet with no pressing need to be anywhere in the morning but on the porch watching the sun rise. You’re still waiting. For another house in the country, for a job with fewer hours, more time in a tent, less time being in charge. You’ve learned your patterns enough to know you feel more feral at certain times of the year. You no longer quit jobs for the sake of the going. So, you’ll shrug off the urge to go do something different. Back at the office you’ll pour yourself a glass of unsweetened tea, sit down and write what you’ve spent the past years learning. You’ll not stop waiting.

Not today at least.

As a young man

I.

You rise in the dark just as your trailer house room is becoming cool enough to sleep, the hot summer night breeze feeling cool on your sweat. As you fry an egg for breakfast, the radio says it is 84 degrees. Ice in the water jug, a pickle in the lunch bucket against the heat cramps, and out to the truck to pick up Luis.

Later, sometime between false and real dawn, you lean against the bed of your truck, enjoying the cool of the metal, looking up at Orion in the sky. Luis and Anthony talk quietly about sports while you just listen, trying to soak up the coolness from the truck, storing it for the day. Eventually, as Orion fades away, you can begin to see the cotton plants in the field. Picking an eyeful of rows, you take your hoe and begin walking across the field. Near the field edges you hoe up Johnson grass, but as you move to the middle of the field it is mostly careless weed. You don’t know that in the coming years you’ll have latin names for carless weed. You only know the farmer is paying you a quarter under minimum wage to walk up and down his field to kill it. A half mile later you are on the other end of the field, and you move down to pick up another eyeful of rows to tend on your way back up the field. The more rows you can cover, the fewer miles walked. By now, the sun is fully over the horizon and the little bit of cool on the breeze is gone. The wind is picking up, but you know it will feel hot and coarse across the salt on your skin.

This is how you spend the first part of the day, leaving footprints in the soft red dirt as you trudge back and forth across the field. You spend the day hoeing weeds, composing stories in your head, thinking about all the jobs you could have while watching the heat mirages and dust devils in the distance. You wonder how far you would get if you took the term “chopping cotton” literally and spent the day hoeing up the cotton plants instead of the weeds. It would be slow going; would Luis and Anthony only notice what you were doing because you were falling behind? How many rows could you kill before the famer drove by and noticed? Sometime just before lunch, a small dust devil swirls through, snatching the large straw hat from Luis’ head and throws it down the field towards you. Your legs are heavy and tired as you jog to get it.

Eventually the first part of the day is over, the three of you load up in your truck, and it is back into town for a midday nap. You eat cold fried chicken for lunch, and since the trailer house is too hot for rest, you rinse off with a cold shower and lay in the shade on the back porch to read and nap. A couple hours spent in other worlds gets your mind right. You get up to go to Polly’s for a glass of tea before going back out to the field for the late afternoon bout of cotton chopping.

At the restaurant, you wave to your farmer who is sitting in the corner with his tea and cronies while you sit there with Luis, drinking sweet tea, waiting for the rest of the day to start. You don’t realize it yet, but you are always waiting for something. For the weather to cool down. For the weather to warm up. For the next construction job to start. For the time to be right to go to college. For there to be a cool place to sleep. For life to start. You’re dragged out of waiting to hear the man paying you four dollars an hour under the table tell his cronies that a good Christian man always pays his fair share. Last week you heard him say he couldn’t understand how a man could stand to be on welfare, and he just wouldn’t do it, and it was a shame his tax dollars went to it.

. . .

The air conditioner in your truck was broken a decade before it was yours, so on the way back to the barn, you hold your hand out feeling the wind while you look over the fields rushing by. You notice Luis has taken a piece of old shoestring and tied it to his hat to save it from the wind. In the field, the sun has canted towards the west, and it is more difficult to get started than it was in the morning. You stretch your legs while leaning against the hot truck bed, grab the file to refresh the edge on your hoe, and then it is back to walking up and down the rows until there isn’t enough light to see. You don’t mind the walking so much. You also live in your head for a lot of the time, so for hours at a time even the boredom doesn’t drag you down too much. But you’re still waiting for something while you imagine what the country looked like before the prairie was plowed into contour lines. You still want to throw down your hoe and go somewhere else just for the sake of the going. Just as you truly lose the light, you get back in the truck to take Luis home. Another day and another forty dollars. Tomorrow is Friday, so you’ll present yourself at the back door —never the front door— of the farmhouse for the $200 due you for the week.

Sexing Roadrunners

Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), Kent County, Texas, 2018.

It seems everyone has a lot of questions about roadrunners (Geococcyx californianus) lately, including how to determine sex. Many observant people have noted that some roadrunners have a colorful post-orbital apterium  (the patch behind the eye) while others do not. It was once thought possible to determine sex depending on the presence of white or blue in this area(PDF warning), but current research indicates this method to be unreliable. The only reliable field method to visually sex a living roadrunner is to take measurements of the bill length and width as well as measurements of the foot. Besides the ethical concerns of chasing down a bird just to satisfy your curiosity, as you might imagine, they are difficult to catch! While it is unfortunate Roadrunners do not display as visible sexual dimorphism as many other birds (think of the white coloration of a male bobwhite and the tan coloration of a female bobwhite), it is still fantastic to observe the little differences between individuals.

roadrunner
Roadrunner with colorful post-orbital apterium, Mitchell County, Texas 2016.
roadrunner-1-4
Less colorful post-orbital apterium, Dickens County, Texas, 2016.

Another often asked question is whether roadrunners impact northern bobwhite populations through predation. The reasoning is that roadrunners are very successful predators of small animals including rodents, lizards, snakes, and even other birds. Since quail chicks start life the size of a marble and spend the first few weeks of their lives smaller than a golf ball, it is easy to imagine roadrunners quickly taking a brood of bobwhites. It doesn’t help that northern bobwhite are a species that have suffered a huge population decline in the last century, and biologists, landowners, hunters, and nature lovers are desperately exploring the driving forces behind that decline. This has led to some too quickly pointing fingers, and roadrunners have been a victim in the past. The truth is that there is no evidence to support the claim that roadrunners are negatively driving bobwhite populations. A Texas Parks and Wildlife Department project (PDF warning) examined the stomach contents of 118 roadrunners and found two bobwhite chicks out of many prey items. In a landscape plagued with drought, unmanaged grazing, and abundant mammalian nest predators, there is a long list of more likely culprits.

So, what do they eat then?

Roadrunner with Texas spiny lizard meal or bride-gift, Jones County, Texas, 2019.

The shorter list would be what roadrunners will not eat. From insects to rodents, lizards, snakes, birds, and plants, they are adapted to survive in the sometimes food scarce American Southwest. In 1998, I observed a roadrunner kill several cliff swallows by laying as flat as possible near a building and suddenly making an explosive jump to snatch a diving swallow from the air. After each kill, the roadrunner would carry the dead swallow to the base of a fence post and then return to hunt again. Later, the roadrunner carried off all of the swallows to a location I could not observe.

In addition to hunting for food for themselves, food plays a large role in roadrunner courtship. Males attempting to woo a mate will bring her bride-gifts. If she accepts the gifts, the new couple with build a nest together, with the male bringing the female nest material. While both sexes will incubate and tend the nest, the male will often bring the female food while she sits on the nest. This is another reason why causal observers make over estimate the influence of Roadrunners on prey species populations: while it may appear a single roadrunner is a blood thirsty killing machine, it may in fact be feeding half a dozen other roadrunners.

I may eventually write a full species account for the roadrunner for this blog, but a fantastic resource to learn more is Dr. Martha Maxon’s wonderful natural history book, The Real Roadrunner (paid link). It is very approachable by general interest readers while maintaining scientifically accurate information.

Greater Roadrunner, King County, Texas, 2019.
Greater Roadrunner, Hall County, Texas, 2019. While roadrunners seem to select for shorter cover to hunt in, they blend wonderfully into the midgrass prairie grasses of the Rolling Plains of Texas.


(Cover photo: Dawson County, 2017).

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Updated 2022.

Water battles of the past are the battles of the future

Last summer we examined how a mid-sized Texas city supplies water to its citizens. From what it takes to fill up a lake, to how the water flows through the city, to how progressive cities are reducing waste, we have followed water from the cloud to the lake to the tap to the drain and back to the lake. All that is lacking to you give you the full picture is to look at the future water issues of Abilene, Texas. While this may seem rather specific, Abilene is just an example of issues that affect most western cities of a certain size.

To fully illustrate the point, we need to consider how Abilene has found water in the past.

To save time, I have condense the timeline into a simple animation:
(you may prefer to click on the image and display it in its own window.)

Abilene-Texas-water

History of Abilene, Texas water supply from the 19th century into the future

In the past

  • 1897 Lytle Lake
  • 1918 Lake Abilene
  • 1927 Lake Kirby
  • 1937 Fort Phantom Hill Reservoir
  • 1952 Clear Fork of the Brazos and Deadman creek Diversion Dams
  • 1962 Hubbard Creek Reservoir
  • 2003 O.H Ivie pipeline 
  • 2015 Wastewater recycling to Fort Phantom

In the future

  • Possum Kingdom pipeline
  • Cedar Ridge Reservoir

Will it be enough?

Since my last posts concerning water issues, Fort Phantom Hill Reservoir became 98% full; however, el nino has wandered off to play elsewhere and that mean little girl, la nina, may soon be here to further dry things out. 2016 is already on record as the 11th most dry winter, and drought is starting to steal back into Texas.

During the time between the moist autumn and the soon to be dry spring, many people have quickly forgotten how bad it can get. The City of Abilene is proposing a water park and people are calling for completely ending watering restrictions. Do you think it is wise? Leave me a comment.

In an upcoming post I will look at droughts of the past and also explore exactly what a “normal” year of rainfall looks like.

 

Cooper’s hawk- Explore your neighborhood

Abilene Texas Cooper hawk

This immature Cooper’s hawk was seen in downtown Abilene, Texas last winter splashing in a puddle by the curb; however, they are usually more woodland birds. Some of Abilene’s older neighborhoods with larger trees would be a good place to look. Look (and listen) near bird feeders as these hawks are known to hunt them for feeding birds. While their call is fairly distinctive, you’ll more likely notice the cries of protest from the other birds in the area.

Like many other birds, the Cooper’s hawk looks drastically different when young as compared to adults. This can make identifying them rather tricky. This is especially true for this species, as they are very easily confused with a sharp-shinned hawk. While I highly recommend owning a field guide (or one of the many free apps ) don’t let identification intimidate you. Just get out and enjoy the nature in your neighborhood. “I don’t know” is a perfectly acceptable answer if someone asks you about what you are looking at!

When to look

While these hawks can be seen year-round in most of the United Sates, winter is a very good time to be on the look out for birds of prey in Texas. Many species pass through the Big Country during migration, and many winter here.

Just the facts

Cooper’s Hawk
Accipter cooperii

Length: 16.5 inches
Wingspan: 31 inches
Females larger than males
Look around the edges of wooded areas and older neighborhoods.

Remember, there is a lot of nature right outside your door if you take the time to look.

The downfall and comeback of the Texas horned lizard

horned lizard near Anson, TexasTexas horned lizard. Horny toad. Horned frog. These are all common names for the same creature, Phrynosoma cornutum. Texas horned lizard is perhaps the more “correct” common name, but for some people, this lizard will always be whatever name they grew up calling it. This lizard brings on strong opinions; it seems like everyone I have met believes their name for it is the best name, and everyone seems to love the actual animal. Many people older than perhaps 25 remember playing with them as children, and have noticed that they no longer see horned lizards around.

Most people have heard that horned lizards populations have greatly declined in Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife, The Horned Lizard Conservation Society, the Forth Worth Zoo and others have done an excellent job educating the public about the decline of the horned lizard in Texas; however, there are two problems in this situation:

Information gets diluted

horned lizardHorned lizard conservation efforts are getting good press today, and now anyone who has ever read anything about horned lizards shares that in the comments sections of these stories. Some of this information is helpful and some of it is… less than helpful. It can be difficult to pick out what someone has actually learned from science and what they have picked up from something their great grandfather told their father, who told it to him. I do not mean to take anything away from the wisdom of grandfathers, but in some things conditions change over time, new information is learned, and honestly, not everyone’s grandfather is wise.

The case is not closed

While we have a better understanding of what has led to the decline in horned lizards new research is constantly being conducted. Some of the research supports what we have suspected and some of it indicates that we still have a lot to learn about such a popular animal. For example, during a seminar about horned lizards I attended we were all told that horned lizards will very rarely (nearly never) feed right at the entrance of an ant colony and we should concentrate our search efforts along ant trails instead of the colony. Since then I have had the opportunity to work with horned lizards in a professional capacity and have observed horned lizards feeding on ants at the colony enough times I am unashamed to disregard that suggestion.


So, what did happen to them?

As, I mentioned above, there is still work happening to figure that out, and while we may never know exactly  all the details, we are are fairly sure that it was no one single event or thing that triggered the decline in horned lizards. Let’s take a look at some of the factors

Fire ants

harvester ants in abilene Texas

Harvester ants

In the 1930s an invasive species (actually several species) of ants from South America were introduced into the United States along the coast of Alabama due to shipping traffic. It wasn’t until the 1950s that these ants first entered Texas. Since then they have steadily spread north and west covering much of the state. Fire ants are probably the most well known suspect when it comes to the demise of the horned lizard. There is just one problem with that: There are areas of southern Texas that have had fire ants for decades and did not lose their horned lizards. Certainly, fire ants have had an impact; however, it is likely our response to them that made the greater impact.

We went to great lengths in our attempts to eradicate the fire ant, and our careless use of poison likely caused a great decline in the red harvester ant. The red ant is a main (but not only) food source for the Texas horned lizard, and killing them is a sure way to remove horned lizards from an area.

Habitat fragmentation

cropped-2015-05-03-18-56-333.jpgDuring the same time we were killing the red harvester ant by mistake we were also destroying habitat. In the last 30 years Texas has experienced a surge of urban building. Today more than 80% of Texans live in the city, and the cities have grown, which removes horned lizard habitat. Horned lizards need open (but not too open) ground, preferably with bunch grass and low thorny shrubs to protect against predators. The short and dense turf grasses planted on most yards are not suitable.

Habitat degradation

In the city

Many homeowners love the dense turf mentioned above and will use a large number of insecticides to keep it thick. This leads back to the ant issue. This habitat degradation also has happened outside of the cities.

In the country

Cotton and wheat, while vital crops to the local economy form large monocultures that provide little shelter some of the year and no shelter after harvest and the same pesticide issues are present as well. In pasture lands, overgrazing has been identified as a problem.

Lands placed in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) were allowed to grow too dense, displacing horned lizards. While one would think lands removed from agricultural production would be good for horned lizards; however, it is possible to preserve it “too well.” Rachel Granberg’s work suggests that prescribed fire is needed to keep grasslands from becoming too thick.

bee-balm wildflower


What is the Conservation Reserve Program?
CRP is a program which will pay long term rent (10-15 years) on ecologically sensitive lands if the landowner will take it out of production and take actions to protect it, such as planting native grasses. This has greatly helped with erosion, water quality and wildlife habitat across the country


The times, they are a-changin’

Texas Horned Lizard near Anson TexasAfter decades of decline, we may be poised to see a comeback of the Texas horned lizard in Texas. Many of the culprits I discussed above are still present, but we are as a culture moving away from large scale insecticide use in some areas, partly from education and partly from the environmental laws passed in the 1970s. We are also learning that prescribed fire is not evil, and grazing practices are becoming more refined every decade.

In some areas people are starting to see horned lizards again, but in other areas, it may take a bit of help to bring them back. Texas Parks and Wildlife started a reintroduction study last summer to investigate the viability of releasing wild-caught lizards into areas they were known to once roam. It is too early to know the results, but people are hopeful.


While the observations of lizards returning is only anecdotal at this point, between that and the possible reintroduction  in other areas by TPWD, we stand a good chance of seeing horned lizards making a comeback in Texas. This recovery hinges on Texans continuing to follow good practices, and to extend them to other areas, such as xeriscaping portions of their yards.

Mexican ground squirrel

Mexican ground squirrel

In a park near you


mexican ground squirrel in abilene texasThe mexican ground squirrel is a rather small squirrel Texans most often see in open park areas darting through the low grass to suddenly disappear. Their burrows are often just holes in the ground without any noticeable mound around it. The ground squirrels in the above photo are grouped around one such hole.

These interesting little squirrels tend to excavate more than one entrance to their tunnels, so that a predator (or blog writer) lying in wait over one entrance may be unaware of an audience behind him.

Despite the feature photo above, mexican ground squirrels are often solitary creatures which will usually evict any other ground squirrels that attempt to share the same area. The above photo is an example of one of the more rare times that they will live in a colony setting. They spend the first part of the year eating plants, but in truth, mexican ground squirrels are omnivores; they will eat insects later in the year, and even meat if it is available.

prairie dog in Abilene Texas

Prairie dog, not a ground squirrel

They are often the most noticeable small mammal in parks in west central Texas; however, they are sometimes mistaken for the much larger prairie dog. The prairie dog has long been in decline in this part of the state, and many urban residents have never seen a prairie dog in person, so it is not unthinkable that there may be some confusion.

Prairie dogs are large bodied and do not have spots while mexican ground squirrels are slender and have nine rows of white spots on their back.  Also, note the difference below between the burrows:


prairie dog in abilene Texas Redbud

prairie dog

ground squirrel in Abilene Texas

not a prairie dog!




Explore your Neighborhood

So, where is the best place to find nature? In your neighborhood! When we see amazing nature photos or videos we often think of those images being from out there; someplace far away and too rugged for use to actually see ourselves. Truth is that there is plenty of nature to experience in your backyard, down your street, and in your local park. Often we are moving too fast to notice or appreciate it, but I promise you, it is there.

This post is the first in a new series titled, “Explore your Neighborhood,” in which I’ll share with you a few of the great bits of nature that can be found by most urban residents.

A scalping at Fort Phantom

Sunset at Lake Fort Phantom

Sunset at Lake Fort Phantom

In my previous posts I mentioned the three reservoirs which supply Abilene’s water, what it takes to fill them up, how that water gets to the lakes, and what happens to that water when we’re finished with it. There is one last source to talk about and that is the Clear Fork of the Brazos River, which is a tributary of the Brazos.

Clear Fork of the Brazos River

As you can see, the Clear Fork of the Brazos passes very close to Fort Phantom Lake, but does not fill it. Wouldn’t it be great for Abilene if it did? Apparently, over 65 years ago, someone thought so, because in 1950 construction began on a diversion dam across the Clear Fork of the Brazos near Fort Phantom Lake. This was nearly 20 years after the dam for the lake was built.

Pumps at the diversion dam “scalp” some of the water from the river and divert it into the lake. Permits dating from 1949 indicate that the City of Abilene was originally authorized to divert 30,000 acre-feet per year. That is approximately 9.7 Billion gallons of water! I reached out to Howdy Wayne Lisenbee, Assistant Director of Water Utilities for the City of Abilene and Mr. Lisenbee confirmed that the city is still permitted up to 30,000 acre-feet per year.

The diversion dam and pump station.  Aerial photography courtesy Rocky White

The diversion dam and pump station.
Aerial photography courtesy Rocky White

There are conditions that have to be met before that water is allowed to flow. First, it has to rain on the upstream watershed of the Clear Fork of the Brazos. Once the water is flowing, the city of Abilene is obligated to allow 600 acre feet of water through the dam for downstream users, and must allow some water to flow through the dam while they are pumping. Many Abilene residents show frustration when the City of Abilene does not pump water from the Brazos after a rain, but we are under legal and ethical obligations to let people downstream from us have some of the water.

How does it happen?

When the conditions mentioned earlier are met, water is impounded behind the dam shown in the lefthand side of the above photo. Eight pumps (located on the righthand side of the same photo) push the water a little over 300 yards through a pipeline into Fort Phantom Lake. Of the eight pumps, five are 1,500 horsepower and are capable of moving roughly 100 million gallons per day. the other three, while smaller, are not lightweights: they are 1,000 hp and can pump 50 million gallons of water per day! If all of these pumps were running at the same time it would be possible to fill 984 olympic sized swimming pools in a single day.

Due to permit restrictions and maintenance reasons, usually only a few pumps are utilized at any one time. If during a pumping session one pump were to break pumping could continue with the other pumps. Mr. Lisenbee stated that during the scalping in May the city used a combination of two to four large pumps and a couple of the smaller pumps to add 651 million gallons to Fort Phantom reservoir over the course of three days.

The pipeline which carries  water from the Brazos to Fort Phantom Lake

The pipeline which carries water from the Brazos to Fort Phantom Lake

Aerial view of Brazos diversion pipeline. Water flows straight up from this pipe.

Aerial view of Brazos diversion pipeline. Water flows straight up from this pipe.


What is an “acre foot?”

 An acre foot is the amount of water it would take to cover an acre of land (43,560 square feet) with 12 inches of water.


Once the water reaches the end of the pipeline it flows straight up out of the large pipe shown on the right.

This water comes roaring down the into the lake:

The same type of scalping occurs on a smaller scale on the east side of the lake. In 1954 the City of Abilene acquired a permit to divert up to 3,000 acre-feet of water per year from Deadman Creek when conditions allow. In return for this use Abilene is obligated to release a certain amount of treated wastewater back into Deadman creek.

Same as it ever was

This additional water security did not come easily for the citizens of Abilene. Before the Clear Fork of the Brazos diversion dam was even completed landowners downstream began to complain and seek legal action. According to articles from the Abilene Reporter-News from the 1950s, an argument raged between Abilene and the landowners near Albany throughout the ’50s.  These battles echo the new arguments over some of Abilene’s projected water projects.

As the population of the area grows and as climate change continues to alter our landscape, these arguments over water will also continue. In my final article on Abilene water I will explore what the search for new water in the past was like as compared to the searches in our near future.